Science Weblecture for Unit 53
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The work of the Curies and Thomson led to a new understanding of atomic components. In the historical section of our next unit, we'll see how Rutherford and Bohr determined the basic structure of the atom, but we are going to start looking at the parts of the atom now.
Look at this brief introduction to the particles in the atom and notation describing atoms. [1 short web page, some graphics]
The number of protons in an atom determines what element the atom is. Hydrogen has one proton, helium two, lithium three, and so on. Each proton carries a positive single charge, so a neutral atom has the same number of negativelycharged, light-weight electrons as protons to balance this charge out.
Elements other than hydrogen also have neutrons in the nucleus. These particles with the nearly same mass as a proton, but no electrical charge, appear to be a kind of combination of proton and neutron. The more protons there are in an element, the more neutrons there will be. The number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element. For example, all carbon atoms have 6 protons (that makes them carbon), and in most carbon atoms, there are six neutrons. Counting both protons and neutrons, there are 12 nucleons in these atoms, so these are carbon-12 atoms. However, some carbon atoms have 8 neutrons, for a total of 6 + 8 = 14 nucleons. These are a different isotope, carbon-14.
The number of neutrons determins the stability of the atom. If the neutrons can't balance out the play of forces inside the atom, the atom breaks apart with a burst of energy in radioactive decay. Some combinations of neutrons and protons are more stable than others: carbon-12 is a stable isotope, but carbon-14 is not, and tends to undergo decay in time.
There are three majory types of decay events.
Different unstable isotopes decay at different rates. Because the stability of the atom depends from moment to moment on the particular combination and position of its protons and neutrons, this stability is constantly changing. We can't predict exactly when a given atom will decay, but after collecting statitistical data from many thousands of experiments and observations, we can predict the likelihood that some atoms in a sample will decay in a given time period. The most common way to describe these radiation rates is by using half-lives.
Suppose that you have 100 atoms of carbon-14. From our experimental data, we can predict that about half the atoms, 50 of them, will decay at some point in the next 5730 years. We don't know which ones will decay, and we could get to the end of this period with several more or less, but the chance is close to 100% that between 45 and 55 of our 100 atoms will have "convulsed" and gone from carbon-14 to nitrogen-14. During the next 5730 years, half (25) of what was carbon-14 at the beginning of this period (50) will also decay, so at the end of two half-lives, the remaining carbon-14 is at 25% of what we started with. After another half-life period, we will have 1/2 of 25 = 13 (no half-atoms allowed!) carbon-14 atoms left.
Use the radioactive dating game at PhET. PhET's CheerpJ allows Java Applets to run in native mode on the server so that you can still use the simulation to model half-life behavior. Click on the orange CheepJ and allow the simulation to load (it will take a few minutes). Then for the tow isotopes listed (C-14 and U-238)
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